Once consigned to a corner of the California electricity market, renewable energy in the form of wind, solar and energy storage projects have become the dominant form of new build electricity over the past decade. Renewable energy has upended traditional relationships between customers and their local electric utilities, with many large industrial customers doing an end run to directly acquire electricity from suppliers. And given its intermittent nature, renewable energy creates a risk profile for suppliers, buyers and electric markets generally that creates the need for advanced metrics and risk mitigation. This session explores these issues through the lens of industrials’ procurement of renewable energy: discussing the commercial underpinnings and legal issues around power purchase agreements, as well as delving into other newer arrangements including joint venture agreements between suppliers and customers.